Resources for Yevamos Daf 18
מראה מקומות
1. The גמרא discusses מחלוקת of יש זיקה and אין זיקה. In order to have a better understanding of this מחלוקת and it’s underpinnings which is crucial to our דף, there are a few questions and גמראs that needs to be discussed. First, almost all ראשונים agree that the איסור to a שומרת יבם’s relatives are דרבנן as theרמב"ם writes in הלכות יבום פּרק א הל׳ י"ג. However, are there are any דיני דאורייתא relevant to the מחלוקת ofיש זיקה and אין זיקה? Second, if you hold אין זיקה, does that mean there is no halachic concept of זיקה at all? Third, how do you put the various גמרות together? In order to answer these questions, we need to know a few important גמראs:
1.1. First, the גמרא in נדרים דף ע"ד ע"א has a משנה that brings a מחלוקת תנאים whether a יבם can be מפיר the נדרים of the יבמה he is זקוקה to. The משנה says that ר"ע says he can’t be מפיר her נדרים which the גמרא says means he must hold אין זיקה, and ר׳ יהושע says he can be מפיר her נדרים which means he holds יש זיקה. Since that is clearly a דין דאורייתא, it seems יש זיקה and אין זיקה are relevant to even מדאורייתא.
1.2. There is also a גמרא in כתובות דף נ"ז ע"ב that discusses whether a שומרת יבם can eat תרומה. תוספות there in ד"ה קנין כספּו says that ר"ת says that מדאורייתא she can eat תרומה since she is קנין כספּו. This does not seem to be connected to whether you hold יש זיקה or אין זיקה.
1.3. There is an important גמרא in יבמות דף צ"ו ע"א. There the גמרא brings a מחלוקת רב ושמואל whether a שומרת יבם שזינתה (a woman who was מזנה while waiting to do יבום) is אסורה ליבם. רב says a שומרת יבם is considered to be like an אשת איש which means if she is מזנה she is אסורה ליבם. However, שמואל says she is not considered to be like an אשת איש and she is מותרת ליבם. What is incredible is that our גמרא says רב holds אין זיקה and שמואל holds יש זיקה! One would think that would seem to be a contradiction to that גמרא since presumably someone who holds יש זיקה would hold she is more like an אשת איש to the יבם than someone who held אין זיקה. In fact, the ירושלמי in סוטה פּרק ב׳ הל׳ ה argues with the בבלי and says these הלכות are connected. It says that ר׳ לעזר says that שומרת יבם שזינתה is מותרת to the יבם and also says that if the יבמה dies the יבם is מותר באמה since אין זיקה.
1.4. There are various answers given in the אחרונים as to how to put these גמרות together. The אבי עזרי in הלכות יבום פּרק א הל׳ י"ג suggests as follows: while the איסור קרובות which our גמרא discusses is only דרבנן, the issue of יש זיקה ואין זיקה comes from a דין דאורייתא as we see from the גמרא in נדרים and יבמות דף צ"ז. However, he quotes ר׳ חיים סלאוויציק ז"ל in his חידושים על הרמב"ם (in another context) where ר׳ חיים says that there are two parts to marriage: the קנין aspect and the שארות (familial relation) aspect. You can have a קנין אישות without the שארות. So you could hold that a יבם can be מפיר the שומרת יבם’s נדרים as well as eat תרומה because there is a קנין even though he isn’t אסורה בקרובותיה (at least מן התורה) because there is no שארות. The פּרי השדה in יבמות סימן י"ז splits it a different way: there is an אישות by a שומרת יבם but not a full one since it is only an איסור לאו. However you say it, the point is that according to all opinions there is some level of אישות even if you say אין זיקה, but not a complete אישות even if you say יש זיקה. Consequently, not all the cases will be obvious which side they fall on. For example, if you hold אין זיקה, we see from the case of אכילת תרומה (at least according to ר"ת) that a יבם can still feed his יבמה his תרומה because of the קנין he has in her, and that קנין according to רב also causes her to be אסורה עליו if she was מזנה תחתיו. However, because it isn’t a full marriage you may not be able to be מפיר נדריה, nor are you אסורה בקרובותיה even מדרבנן. If you hold יש זיקה, you can feed תרומה, and possibly be מפיר נדרים, but you aren’t אסור בקרובות מדאורייתא and if she is מזנה תחתיו she is still מותרת to the יבם since it isn’t a full אישות.
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