Lessons from Tzoraas
זֹאת תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע בְּיוֹם טָהֳרָתוֹ
This shall be the law of the metzora on the day of his purification (14:2)
The Parshiyos of Tazria and Metzora deal in the main with the punishment of tzoraas which can affect a person’s house, clothing and body in response to various types of moral deficiency and wrongdoing. As we will see, there is much to be learned from the way the Torah prescribes that the metzora be dealt with, both with regards to his term of tzoraas itself as well as his recovery therefrom.
Tzoraas of the House…
As part of the purification process for a house which has been affected by tzoraas, the Torah states[1]
וְלָקַח אֶת עֵץ הָאֶרֶז וְאֶת הָאֵזֹב וְאֵת שְׁנִי הַתּוֹלַעַת וְאֵת הַצִּפֹּר הַחַיָּה וְטָבַל אֹתָם בְּדַם הַצִּפֹּר הַשְּׁחוּטָה וּבַמַּיִם הַחַיִּים וְהִזָּה אֶל הַבַּיִת שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים
He shall take the cedar wood, the hyssop, the scarlet thread and the live bird and he shall dip them into the blood of the slaughtered bird and into the fresh water, and he shall sprinkle upon the house seven times.
Commenting on this requirement, the Toras Kohanim[2] states that the blood must be sprinkled specifically on the lintel of the house’s front door. What is behind this specific choice of location for the sprinkling of the blood?
The Meshech Chochmah explains that the principle in play here is that of midah keneged midah – measure for measure. The idea behind this principle is that if the metzora is to fully and meaningfully recover from his tzoraas, the underlying causes of his condition need to be recognized and addressed. Hence, the experience of tzoraas contains not only a punishment, but also a message.
What is the cause for tzoraas of a house?
The Gemara[3] identifies the answer to this question as being alluded to in an earlier pasuk in this perek,[4] which describes the procedure upon the person first noticing a discoloration in the walls of his house:
וּבָא אֲשֶׁר לוֹ הַבַּיִת וְהִגִּיד לַכֹּהֵן לֵאמֹר כְּנֶגַע נִרְאָה לִי בַּבָּיִת
The one to whom the house belongs shall come and declare to the kohen, “The likeness of an affliction has appeared to me in the house”
The words “אֲשֶׁר לוֹ הַבַּיִת – to whom the house belongs” which are seemingly redundant, indicate that the cause for this type of tzoraas is the fact that the person wishes to keep the house and all that is in it to himself, and not to share any of his assets with others. Tzoraas on a house comes as a result of tzarus ayin – miserliness.
Therefore, the blood which comes to purify the house is sprinkled specifically on the lintel – the entrance to the house, for the affliction came about as result of the person refusing anyone else entry into his house.
…And the Person
Taking this discussion further, the Meshech Chochmah notes that when the Gemara elsewhere[5] lists miserliness as one of the primary causes of tzoraas, it seems to imply that this is also true not only for tzoraas of the house, but also tzoraas of the body![6] How does tzoraas of the body relate to the issue of miserliness?
The Meshech Chochmah explains that one of the symptoms of the trait of miserliness is that it sets a person apart from others. When a person refuses to avail others of his possessions, he is effectively thereby setting up a barrier between himself and them. Indeed, the halachah states that if a husband refuses to allow his wife to lend any household items to their neighbors, she can sue for divorce, as he is effectively cutting her off from her surroundings![7]
One of the Torah’s requirements for one who has contracted tzoraas is that he be sent outside the city, as the pasuk states:[8]
בָּדָד יֵשֵׁב מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה מוֹשָׁבוֹ
He shall dwell alone, his dwelling shall be outside the camp.
According to the halachah, the isolation required of the metzora is such that he cannot even dwell together with other metzoraim who were also sent outside the city! This total isolation is enforced upon him in order to bring him to reconsider whether he wishes – through his miserliness – to continue effectively isolating himself from others even as he dwells among them.
Understanding a Halachic Anomaly
The Meshech Chochmah proceeds to note, in his unique way, that appreciating this background to tzoraas will help shed light on one of its distinctive halachos. The three korbanos that the metzora brings upon his recovery are in the category of “oleh ve’yored,” that is to say, they vary depending on the person’s financial status:
- If he is of sufficient financial means, he brings three sheep, one for each of the korbanos.
- If he cannot afford this, he brings one sheep (asham) and two birds (chatas and olah).
What would happen if a person could afford to bring three animals, but nonetheless brought the korbanos of one who could not, i.e., a sheep and two birds? Has he fulfilled his obligation bedieved (after the fact) with korbanos brought from a bracket that is beneath his?
Interestingly, the Gemara[9] states that whereas in all other situations of “oleh ve’yored.” a person of means who brought the less expensive korban would in fact fulfill his obligation. However, when it comes to the korbanos of a metzora, he does not fulfill his obligation even after the fact! The Gemara derives this ruling from the way in which the Torah introduces the purification process of the metzora:[10]
זֹאת תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרַת הַמְּצֹרָע בְּיוֹם טָהֳרָתוֹ
This shall be the law of the metzora on the day of his purification
The word “זאת – this” is understood as insisting that the purification take place in exactly the way the Torah prescribes, with no other way being acceptable.
Having noted the scriptural basis for this exceptional ruling, the Meshech Chochmah proceeds to ask: What is behind it? Why should the korbanos of the metzora be different from all others in this respect?
Once we appreciate the background to these korbanos, namely, the recovery of the metzora from confronting the consequences of his miserliness, we will understand why one who can afford to bring three sheep but chooses instead to opt for the less expensive option does not fulfill his obligation; for he is effectively perpetuating his problem even as he is engaging in its solution! Korbanos which come to address the negative trait of miserliness cannot themselves be the product of that trait.[11]
Thus, we see the halachic details which pertain to the korbanos of the metzora underscoring and reinforcing the ethical message which the Torah wishes to communicate to him regarding his becoming a metzora in the first place.
[1] Vayikra 4:51.
[2] 5:14.
[3] Yoma 11b.
[4] Pasuk 35.
[5] Arachin 16b.
[6] This is in addition to the well-known idea, noted by the Meshech Chochmah earlier in this section, that tzoraas of the body comes as a punishment for speaking lashon hara (slander). In this regard, Meshech Chochmah explains that blood is sprinkled on the metzora’s hand (see Toras Kohanim to Vayikra 14:7) in order to reflect the Gemara’s teaching (see Kesubos 5b) that if one hears others speaking lashon hara he should place his fingers in his ears to prevent himself from hearing it. The Meshech Chochmah concludes that paragraph by saying: “And any man of heart should listen carefully to the pleasant words of mussar at the conclusion of the Rambam’s treatment of these laws (Hilchos Tumas Tzoraas 16:10), and then all will be well with him.”
[7] See Kesubos 72a.
[8] 13:46.
[9] Yoma 41b.
[10] 14:2
[11] Based on Meshech Chochmah to 14:51. See there for additional suggestions for how to explain this exceptional halachah.