Resources for Rosh Hashana daf 33
Rabbi Yitzchok Gutterman
- The משנה at the end of ל"ב says that one cannot violate an איסור דרבנן to obtain a שופר. The גמרא says that even though שופר is an עשה, nonetheless, אין עשה דוחה לא תעשה ועשה. There are many glaring questions: 1) the משנה lists איסורי דרבנן in which case it isn’t an לא תעשה ועשה. 2) how would the גמרא answer the question according to the מ"ד that holds יו"ט is only a לא תעשה? 3) Theמצוה is not done at the time that the עבירה is being done (it’s not בעידנא), and we know that a מצוה cannot be דוחה even just a simple לא תעשה if it isn’t בעידנא. Regarding the question of the משנה listing איסורי דרבנן, see the ר"ן who says that חז"ל made a חיזוק לדבריהם to make it like a דין תורה. Regarding the question that יו"ט is only a לא תעשה according to some שיטות, see the רשב"א who answers that even the מ"ד who holds יו"ט is only an לא תעשה, would agree that obtaining a שופר is less than doing aמצוה as it is only מכשירי מצוה. See the נצי"ב here who says that although there is a מחלוקת with all other ימים טובים, everyone agrees that ראש השנה has an associated עשה ולא תעשה just like other ימים טובים. There it just says שבתון and regarding ר"ה it says יהיה לכם שבתון which is clearly a צווי. Regarding the question of בעידנא, see the מגן אברהם סימן תמ"ו ס"ק ב who brings a ר"ת who answers that שופר is different than other מצוות. שופר is a מצוה דרבים, and a מצוה דרבים is not limited by the rule of בעידנא. The proof to this is the story in מס' ברכות where רבי אליעזר freed a slave to make a minyan since it was a מצוה דרבים, even though it was a violation of לעולם בהם תעבודו and it was not בעידנא.
- The גמרא brings a מחלוקת תנאים whether a woman can blow שופר on ר"ה. רש"י explains that a woman cannot blow as it would be a violation of בל תוסיף. See the מהרש"א here who asks how could it be considered בל תוסיף? בל תוסיף is only if you do a מצוה בתוספת such as taking five מינים בלולב instead of four, but one is not עובר by doing a מצוה in which one is not מצווה. See also תוספות בעירובין דף צ"ו ד"ה מיכל who asks on רש"י from the story of הילני המלכה who sat in the סוכה with her children. If רש"י is correct that there is בל תוסיף, how was she allowed to sit with them? He answers that since her children were there, it didn’t look like בל תוסיף. He also suggests that we know that to be עובר בל תוסיף one must intend to be doing theמצוה or it must be the זמן המצוה. Therefore, since a woman is not חייבת in the מצוה, it is never the זמן המצוה, and as long as she does not intend to do the מצוה, it would be מותר. תוספות himself disagrees with רש"י and says that although a woman can opt to do any מצוה she wishes, there are specificמצוות women cannot do because of a down side. Specifically, שופר is an issue as it is otherwise אסור to blow on יו"ט because of כלי שיר, תפילין because of גוף נקי, סמיכה because משמש בהקדש, and עליה לרגל because of חולין בעזרה.
- תוספות in ד"ה הא רבי יהודה says that חז"ל created for a סומא, who isפּטור מדאורייתא fromמצוות , a חיוב מדרבנן so he shouldn’t be like a נכרי. The simple understanding of תוספות should lead one to conclude that a סומא is פּטור even from מצוות לא תעשה, for if not, he would not look like a נכרי as he has to observe מצוות לא תעשה. While this may sound strange, see the מנחת חינוך מצוה ב who quotes the ספר המכריע לר' ישיעה הזקן who says explicitly that a blind man is פּטור מדאורייתא from all מצוות including מצוות לא תעשה. Theמנחת חינוך himself clarifies that this does not include the ז' מצוות since he is not less than a נכרי. See however the הגהות רע"א on יו"ד סימן א' סעיף ט who says that a סומא is certainly חייב מן התורה in all מצוות לא תעשה which is why his שחיטה is כשירה. This is also the opinion of the פּמ"ג בפּתיחה כוללת חלק ג אות כ"ט. The פּמ"ג says there is no proof from our תוספות since תוספות just means he appears like a נכרי by the fact that he doesn’t do מצוות עשה.
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