Honoring the Synagogue - Candles

There is an ancient custom to maintain candles burning in the synagogue at all times, even when services are not taking place, and even when nobody is present.[1] In fact, not only is the presence of burning candles said to be a great display of honor towards the synagogue,[2] some sources even call the practice "a mitzva", as well.[3] It is also noted that having a flame burning in the synagogue continuously serves to recall the Western light of the Beit Hamikdash which was constantly burning.[4] It also recalls the fire which was always burning upon the altar, as it says: "And the fire upon the altar shall be kept burning, it shall not be extinguished."[5] It is especially important to have candles burning during services. The candles should be place at the amud from where the services are led. Some authorities recommend that even one who finds himself alone when praying, such as when praying at home, should light one or two candles, as well.[6]

According to some sources, it suffices to have two candles burning at all times.[7] Others suggest that on a regular weekday two candles should be lit, while on Rosh Chodesh there should be three, and on Shabbat and Yom Tov, four.[8] In some communities five candles are lit at the amud during prayer services, which is said to represent the five levels of the soul: the nefesh, ruach, neshama, chaya and yechida.[9] It is also suggested that a permanent light be positioned adjacent or above the Aron Kodesh in order to recall the verse "ki ner mitzva v'torah or",[10] meaning "a candle represents a mitzva and the Torah is the light".[11]

The custom of lighting candles in the synagogue should be maintained even if there is already ample electric lighting. This is because such candles are not intended to provide light but rather they are intended for glorify the synagogue and better assist one on focusing on God. We are taught that there are many esoteric secrets to candles. One should endeavor to use wax candles rather than electric light-bulbs that simulate real candles.[12]

[1] Midrash Hagadol, Behalotcha; Midrash Rabba, Bamidbar 4:21; Midrash Rabba, Shir Hashirim, 20:16; Shlah, Tetzaveh; Magen Avraham 514:14.

[2] OC 151:9.

[3] OC 514:5.

[4] Shemot 27:20-22; Ketzot Hashulchan 29; Badei Hashulchan 15.

[5] Vayikra 6:5.

[6] Mekor Chaim, cited in Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 151:3.

[7] Mekor Chaim, cited in Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 151:3.

[8] Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 151:3.

[9] Sefer Haminhagim (Chabad).

[10] Mishlei 6:23.

[11] Yafeh Lalev, cited in Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 151:3

[12] Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 151:3