Nazir - Daf 35
- Where Rebbe Elazar agrees to the derashah of פרט וכלל ופרט
On the previous Daf, the Gemara explained that Rebbe Elazar, who prohibits a nazir from leaves and shoots, darshens inclusion-exclusion phrases in the Torah as ריבויי ומיעוטי. Here the Gemara asks where Rebbe Elazar darshens פרט וכלל ופרט, as an exception to his normal system (the Rosh explains that the Gemara is asking if he agrees to darshen this way). Rebbe Abahu said he darshens it in the pesukim about a שומר שכר – a paid watchman: וכי יתן איש אל רעהו חמור או שור או שה, פרט – “When one gives to his fellow a donkey or ox or sheep,” this is a פרט. וכל בהמה, כלל – “or any animal,” this is a כלל. לשמור, חזר ופרט – “to watch,” is again a פרט. This includes anything which is similar to the פרט (much like כלל ופרט וכלל), which are movable and intrinsically valuable, and excludes (loan) documents, property, and slaves. Rava says he darshens it from pesukim describing an olah brought from sheep or goats: ואם מן, פרט – “And if from,” this is a פרט. הצאן, כלל – “the flock,” this is a כלל. כבשים ועזים, חזר ופרט – “sheep or goats,” it again wrote a פרט, and it includes anything similar to the פרט. Rav Yehudah of Diskarta points out that a similar derashah can be made in the earlier pesukim of olah and explains that it would exclude a wild animal from being used for an olah.
- The differences between the various forms of derashos
The Gemara asks: Since both כלל ופרט וכלל and פרט וכלל ופרט yield a rule to include כעין הפרט – similar to the פרט, מאי איכא ביני וביני – what is the difference between the two? It answers: איכא דאילו תרתין כללי ופרטא – There is a difference, that whereas two כללים and one פרט (i.e., כלל ופרט וכלל) אי איכא פרטא דדמי ליה אפילו בחד צד מרבינן – if there is something similar in even one way, we include it; תרי פרטי וכללא – but with two פרטים and one כלל (i.e., פרט וכלל ופרט), אי איכא פרטא דדמי משני צדדין מרבינן – if there is something similar in two ways, we include it, בחד צד לא מרבינן – but with a similarity of merely one way, we do not include it. The Rosh explains that it stands to reason that a sequence comprised of two כללים should be more inclusive. The Gemara then asks for the difference between darshening as מיעט וריבה or as פרט וכלל, both of which include nearly everything. It answers with an example from our subject: A פרט וכלל includes both leaves and shoots (and excludes only branches), whereas a מיעט וריבה includes only shoots, but not (hard) leaves.
- Rebbe Yochanan: אין היתר מצטרף לאיסור except for nazir
Rebbe Abahu said in the name of Rebbe Yochanan: כל איסורין שבתורה אין היתר מצטרף לאיסור – For all prohibitions in the Torah, permitted matter does not combine with forbidden matter to compose the amount required for punishment, חוץ מאיסורי נזיר – except for the prohibitions of nazir, שהרי אמרה תורה משרת – because the Torah said: “steeped.” The Rosh explains that the passuk teaches that one is liable for eating bread which has been soaked in wine. If there is a kezayis of wine present, this would be obvious and not require a derashah. Rather, the Torah is teaching that even with less than a kezayis of wine present, the bread will combine with it to make up a full shiur of a kezayis and incur malkos.
