Healing and Repairing
On the run from a vengeful and possibly murderous brother, Yaakov runs out of daylight and is forced to stop for the night, with no shelter. Using rocks as a pillow, he is overcome by sleep. Like so much of Yaakovâs life, even running away was complicated.
Yaakov had received two independent sets of instructions from his parents; in a sense, he was on a dual journey. He was following the directives of his mother to escape Esavâs fury,[1] and the instructions of his father[2] to find a suitable wife in the home of Lavan, his maternal uncle.[3] Perhaps he allowed himself a moment to savor the irony: finally, both parents had instructed him to do the same thing, even if their motivations were different.[4]
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(10) Yaakov went out from Beersheba and went toward Haran. (11) He came to a certain place, and stayed there all night because the sun had set. He took one of the stones of the place, and put it under his head, and lay down in that place to sleep. (Bereishit 28:10,11)
Years earlier, his grandfatherâs servant â probably Eliezer[5] â was sent on this same trip, but that earlier journey was described quite differently. While the servant was accompanied by an entourage, carrying precious gifts and jewels â a showy caravan designed to impress upon the prospective brideâs family that the marriage was advantageous, Yaakov has nothing.[6] Perhaps the speed of his departure prevented him from taking appropriate provisions; for whatever reason, he is forced to lie on the ground, like a vagabond, heading out of the land that would one day be known as Israel, a land that would one day be his.
On the other hand, although Yaakov leaves with nothing in hand, he holds something intangible. He has the blessings, and a promise that the future will look very different than the present. His father had given him two blessings: the first, intended for Esav, was a blessing of wealth, of financial security and material bounty; the second, always and exclusively intended for Yaakov, was the blessing of Avraham, which included the inheritance of the Land of Israel. But for now, he was leaving the âpromised land,â and despite these blessings, he was empty-handed.
Sleep overcomes him and he has an epiphany. He sees a vision of a ladder, he sees angels dancing up and down the ladder,[7] and he sees a vision of God.
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(12) He dreamed. Behold, a stairway set upon the earth, and its top reached to heaven. Behold, the angels of God ascending and descending on it. (13) Behold, Hashem stood above it, and said, âI am Hashem, the God of Abraham your father, and the God of Isaac. The land whereon you lie, to you, will I give it, and to your seed. (14) Your seed will be as the dust of the earth, and you will spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south. In you and in your seed will all the families of the earth be blessed. (15) Behold, I am with you and will keep you, wherever you go and will bring you again into this land. For I will not leave you until I have done that which I have spoken of to you.â (Bereishit 28:12-15)
We know little of Yaakovâs inner spiritual world up to this point. His entire reputation is based on one phrase, half of one verse.
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When the boys grew up, Esav became a skillful hunter, a man of the outdoors; but Yaakov was a mild (innocent) (unblemished) man- (tam) a dweller of the tents. (Bereishit 25:27)
Yaakov is described as tam, but this description is unclear: Does it mean that he is innocent, lacking guile or even lacking depth of perception? âDoes it perhaps imply that he is a complete or unblemished personality? Should this description be seen as a contrast to the description of Esav?[8] Aside from being tam, Yaakov is described as a man who âdwells in tents.â Rashi cites the rabbinic tradition that delineates a vast distance between the two brothers: Esav is a murderous hunter, while in the rabbinic reading, Yaakov is a yeshiva student:
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AND THEY GREW ⊠- ESAV WAS â So long as they were young they could not be distinguished by what they did and no one paid much attention to their characters, but when they reached the age of thirteen, one went his way to the houses of learning and the other went his way to the idolatrous temples.
A CUNNING HUNTER literally, understanding hunting â understanding how to entrap and deceive his father with his mouth. He would ask him, "Father how should salt and straw be tithed"? Consequently, his father believed him to be very punctilious in observing the divine ordinances.
A MAN OF THE FIELD â Explain it literally: a man without regular occupation, hunting beasts and birds with his bow.
A PLAIN MAN â not expert in all these things: as his heart was his mouth (his thoughts and his words tallied). One who is not ingenious in deceiving people is called tam plain, simple.
DWELLING IN TENTS â the tent of Shem and the tent of Eber.[9]
(Rashi Bereishit 25:27)
Citing the midrash, Rashi makes this determination before the boys are even born:
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AND [THE CHILDREN] STRUGGLED â You must admit that this verse calls for a Midrashic interpretation since it leaves unexplained what this struggling was about and it states that she exclaimed "If it be so, wherefore did I desire this" (i.e. she asked whether this was the normal course of child-bearing, feeling that something extraordinary was happening). Our Rabbis explain that the word vayitrozitzu has the meaning of running, moving quickly: whenever she passed by the doors of Torah (i.e. the Schools of Shem and Eber) Yaakov moved convulsively in his efforts to come to birth, but whenever she passed by the gate of a pagan temple Esav moved convulsively in his efforts to come to birth (Genesis Rabbah 63:6). Another explanation is: they struggled with one another and quarreled as to how they should divide the two worlds as their inheritance. (Rashi Bereishit 25:22)
Aside from being somewhat anachronistic, the association of âman of the tentsâ with yeshiva study is not the straightforward reading (pshat), according to many commentaries. This phrase is often understood as a reference to Yaakovâs vocation: He was, according to this understanding of the text, a shepherd; he lived in tents and moved from place to place in search of grazing lands for his flock.[10]
In rabbinic tradition, shepherds did not always have a reputation for honesty; this description of Yaakov, then, may have been a far cry from indicating spiritual excellence. In fact, it may invite a precisely opposite interpretation: A âman of the tentsâ is a problematic individual,[11] a vagrant who does not resect boundaries and who is often stigmatized as a thief.[12]
The text itself has offered very little information about Yaakov at this point, and his physical and spiritual circumstances are far less understood than we might have expected. Had God spoken to him before? What had he done to merit this epiphany? Shall we assume, on the basis of one (extremely challenging) reference to God that Yaakov was a spiritual person? The only reference to God made by Yaakov thus far was when he was impersonating his brother Esav, and trying to impress and mislead his father.
Yitzchak made no mention of God when he called in Esav.
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(1) It happened, that when Yitzchak was old, and his eyes were so dim that he could not see, he called Esav his elder son, and said to him, âMy son?â He said to him, âHere I am.â (2) He said, âSee now, I am old. I do not know the day of my death. (3) Now therefore, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field, and take me venison. (4) Make me savory food, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat, and that my soul may bless you before I die.â (Bereishit 27:1-4)
Yitzchakâs instructions, if fulfilled, will result in Esav receiving his fatherâs blessing â not Godâs blessing. Yet when Rivka recounts what she heard, she editorializes and brings God, the source of all blessings, into the picture.
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(5) Rivkah heard when Yitzchak spoke to Esav his son. Esav went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it. (6) Rivkah spoke to Yaakov her son, saying, âBehold, I heard your father speak to Esav your brother, saying, (7) âBring me venison, and make me savory food, that I may eat, and bless you before God before my death.â (Bereishit 27:5-7)
Yaakovâs exchange with Yitzchak accurately reflects what father had said â without any mention of God.
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(18) He came to his father, and said, âMy father?â He said, âHere I am. Who are you, my son?â(19) Yaakov said to his father, âI am Esav your firstborn. I have done what you asked me to do. Please arise, sit and eat of my venison, that your soul may bless me.â (Bereishit 27:18-19)
Only when Yaakov is questioned by his father does he introduce God into the equation.
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Yitzchak said to his son, âHow is it that you have found it so quickly, my son?â He said, âBecause The Almighty your God gave me success.â (Bereishit 27:20)
Yaakov does not display a finely tuned God consciousness in his words, and the events of his life â the proverbial âbody of workâ of his actions up to this moment of revelation under the stars â have been complex at least, and perhaps even disturbing. Until this point he has taken advantage of his brother twice. The description of Yaakov as an ish tam does not solve this problem; it is a moniker we do not understand. While we may be able to qualify, rationalize, explain or even justify his actions, Yaakovâs behavior hardly speaks for itself as spiritually inspired or inspiring.
As Yaakov lies under the stars and God speaks to him, is he surprised, or has he been waiting for and anticipating this communication?
The verses offer us two separate issues to ponder: First, there is the vision that
Yaakov sees, of a ladder upon which angels are ascending and descending. Second, there is content, a specific message that God communicates.
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(13) Behold, Hashem stood above it, and said, âI am Hashem, the God of Abraham your father, and the God of Isaac. The land whereon you lie, to you will I give it, and to your seed. (14) Your seed will be as the dust of the earth, and you will spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south. In you and in your seed will all the families of the earth be blessed. (15) Behold, I am with you, and will keep you, wherever you go, and will bring you again into this land. For I will not leave you, until I have done that which I have spoken of to you.â (Bereishit 28:13-15)
The heart of the communication is a reiteration of the blessings Yitzchak had bestowed upon Yaakov: The Land of Israel would be his, his children would be numerous, and God would protect him. But there was also much that was left unsaid: The blessings which Yitzchak intended to give to Esav, which were surreptitiously taken by Yaakov, were not reiterated; those ill-gotten blessings are not mentioned. For that matter, we remain unsure of the significance of Yaakov buying the birthright; that, too, is never addressed. Undoubtedly, Yaakov hears the thundering silence. There are things which he has done, things that lie in the grey areas of morality, which are not ârubber stampedâ or approved after the fact. The blessings for physical bounty and power which he has taken are not necessarily his at all.
This may be a part of the message of the vision, as well: The angels ascend and then descend the ladder, indicating that the heavenly blessings of bounty must first be earned down on earth. This may be a visual representation of the rabbinic teaching that every good deed creates an angel[13] who then ascends to heaven and reports before the Divine Throne, and then brings the reward for that deed down to earth. Whether or not this philosophical construct of the mechanics of reward and punishment lie in the subtext of these verses, we cannot help but wonder what the vision of the angels â who unexpectedly begin their circuit on the earth below and then ascend to the heavens - meant to Yaakov, who hears Godâs resounding silence regarding the stolen blessing.
Yaakov awakes and expresses his amazement, but the source of his excitement is unclear. Is it the very fact that God has communicated with him, or is it the particular location where he had this vision which elicits his response?
Yaakov makes a vow, and continues on his journey.
Article continues here
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[1] Bereishit 27:42-45.
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[2] Bereishit 28:1-5.
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[3] Rivkah planted this idea is Yitzchakâs mind; see Bereishit 27:46.
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[4] The text of the Torah notes Yaakov leaving twice, once at the behest of his father 28:5, and the second time in 28:10.
[5] The name of the servant is not mentioned throughout that mission (the entire chapter 24) â though God certainly helps him â so the name âEli-ezerâ seems quite apt.
[6] The Ibn Ezra (Bereishit 25:34) claims that Yitzchak had lost all of the wealth of his father, the Ramban (Bereishit 25:34) forcibly rejects this contention.
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[7] For a description of the kinetic movement of the angels as dancing see Sichot Moharan section 86. This idea is expanded in my Echoes of Eden Bereishit 208,209
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[8] See Toldot Yitzchak Bereishit 25:27.
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[9] See the translation of Onkolus Bereishit 25:27
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And the youths grew; and Esav was a man of idleness, a man going out into the field; and Jakob was a man of peace, a minister of the house of instruction. (Targum Onkolus Bereishit 25:27)
[10] See Rashbam Bereishit 25:27, Ibn Ezra Bereishit 25:27, Bchor Shor Bereishit 25:27, Hizkuni Bereishit 25:27, Ibn Caspi Bereishit 25:27, Seforno Bereishit 25:27. See Bereishit 4:20, and the comments of Rashi.
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[11] Seforno Bereishit 25:27, sees the relaxed life of the shepherd as a perfect life for spiritual contemplation, Râ Dovid Tzvi Hoffman Bereishit 25:27 makes a similar point.
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ך' ××× ×Š×× ×××€×× ×ך×ש×ת ×"×:×"×
××ש ×ª× â ××€× ×€×××× áŒ¥ÎŒÎµÏοÏ, ××××ך שק×, ך×××¢, ×××š× ×× ×ס××. ×× ×××× ××××× ×׀ך×××× ×©× ×¢×©× ×× ×× ××¢×§× ×ת ×××× ×שק××× ×©× ×š××¢×.
×××©× ××××× â ×ש××× ××¢×× ×':×'.
[12] See Talmud Sanhedrin 57a, and Rashiâs comments, Avodah Zarah, 26a, Shulchan Oruch Chosehn Mishpat 34:13.
ת×××× ×××× ×ס×ת ×¡× ××ך×× ××£ × × ×¢××× ×
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×ª× × ×š×× ×××× ×§××× ×ך' ×××× ×: ××¢×××× ×××××× ×ך××¢× ×××× ××§× - ×× ××¢××× ××£ ×× ×¢××× × ××× ××ך××××, ××× ×××× ×× ×××ס×ך×ת ×××××ך×× - ××× ××ך×××× ××× ××¢×××. ×"×, ×× × ×©×× ×: ××× ××××ת ×××× - ×ך××ת ×ת ××××ך, ××ת ××ךת ××× ××ך××××! ס×× ×××× ×××ך. ××××©× × ×××: ××× ××××ך ×××× × ××××ת ×ת×××××, ××× ××××ך ×××× × ××××ת ××××¢×ס! קס×ך: ×××× × ××××ת ××××¢×ס ××× ×××. ××ת×ך: ×××ך - ×€×××× ×š× ××× ×ך××× ×, ×× ××ך: ×ת××××× - ×××ך, ××××¢×ס - ××× ×××; ××× ××ך: ××€××× ××××¢×ס × ×× ×××ך, ××× ××××× ×××? ×× ××¢××× ××××× ××××××.
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[13] Mishna Avot 5:11, instead of âangelâ the text reads âadvocateâ.
××©× × ×ס×ת ×××ת ׀ךק × ××©× × ××
ך×× ××××¢×ך ×× ××¢×§× ×××ך ××¢××©× ×׊×× ××ת ×§×× × ×× ×€×š×§××× ×××.
Rabbi Eliezer ben Yaakov said: he who performs one commandment acquires for himself one advocate.
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