The Inadvertent Trial of Sodom

The Parasha begins in a peculiar way:

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק יח

(א) וַיÖŧÖĩרָ֤א אÖĩלָיו֙ ה֔' בÖŧְאÖĩלֹנÖĩ֖י מַמְרÖĩ֑א וְה֛וÖŧא יֹשׁÖĩÖĨב פÖŧÖļÖŊ×Ēַח־הָאֹ֖הÖļל כÖŧְחֹÖĨם הַיÖŧÖŊוֹם: (ב) וַיÖŧִ׊Öŧָׂ֤א ×ĸÖĩינָיו֙ וַיÖŧַ֔רְא וְהִנÖŧÖĩה֙ ×Š×Ö°×œÖš×Š×Ö¸ÖŖ×” אֲנָשִׁ֔ים × Ö´×ĻÖŧָבִ֖ים ×ĸָלָ֑יו וַיÖŧַ֗רְא וַיÖŧָ֤רָ×Ĩ לִקְרָא×Ēָם֙ מִפÖŧÖļÖŖ×Ēַח הָאֹ֔הÖļל וַיÖŧִ׊ְׁ×ĒÖŧַ֖חוÖŧ אָÖŊרְ×Ļָה: (ג) וַיÖŧֹאמַ֑ר אֲדֹנָ֗י אִם֞נָ֨א מָ×Ļָ֤א×Ēִי חÖĩן֙ בÖŧÖ°×ĸÖĩינÖļ֔יךָ אַל־נָÖĨא ×ĒÖˇ×ĸֲבֹ֖ר מÖĩ×ĸÖˇÖĨל ×ĸַבְדÖŧÖļÖŊךָ: (ד) יÖģ×§ÖŧÖˇÖŊ×—Öž× Ö¸ÖŖ× מְ×ĸַט־מַ֔יִם וְרַחֲ×Ļ֖וÖŧ רַגְלÖĩיכÖļ֑ם וְהִÖŊ׊Öŧָׁ×ĸֲנ֖וÖŧ ×ĒÖŧÖˇÖĨחַ×Ē ×”Ö¸×ĸÖĩÖŊ×Ĩ: (ה) וְאÖļקְחָ֨ה פ֡×Ē־לÖļ֜חÖļם וְסַ×ĸֲד֤וÖŧ לִבÖŧְכÖļם֙ א֎ח֎֪׍ ×ĒÖŧÖˇ×ĸֲבֹ֔רוÖŧ כÖŧÖ´ÖŊי־×ĸַל־כÖŧÖĩÖĨן ×ĸֲבַרְ×ĒÖŧÖļ֖ם ×ĸÖˇÖŊל־×ĸַבְדÖŧְכÖļ֑ם וַיÖŧÖšÖŖ××žÖ°×¨Ö”×•Öŧ כÖŧÖĩÖĨן ×ĒÖŧÖˇ×ĸֲשׂÖļ֖ה כÖŧ֡אֲ׊ׁÖļÖĨר דÖŧִבÖŧÖˇÖŊרְ×ĒÖŧÖ¸:

(1) God  appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day. (2) He lifted up his eyes and looked, and saw that three men stood opposite him. When he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth, (3) and said, “My lords, if I have found favor in your sight, please do not pass by your servant. (4) Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree. (5) I will get a morsel of bread so you can refresh your heart. After that be on your way, for this is surely why you have passed by your servant.” They said, “Very well, do as you have said.” (Bereishit 18:1-5)

There are two oddities in the text. The first is the lack of identity of the subject; Avraham is not mentioned by name, and is alluded to by pronouns only. The Hebrew equivalent of “him” and “he” are used, but the normal convention of naming the protagonist at the start of the section, at the very least, is not followed.

The second point is more curious than the first: The text informs us of an awesome event, but appears to gloss over it entirely. God appears to him (obviously, to Avraham), yet the content of the visit seems strangely absent or perhaps not immediately clear. Instead of elaborating on this Divine communication, the text moves on without missing a beat, focusing on the other guests who arrive and receive the full attention of their host, Avraham. At face value it seems quite strange that God could “arrive,” that God could appear to Avraham, and yet no content is imparted.

Both of these textual anomalies are resolved if we see this new chapter, this parasha, as a continuation of the previous episode, in which Avraham is clearly the subject. The preceding parasha ends with the change Avram’s name to Avraham, and the commandment of circumcision.

בראשי×Ē (פר׊×Ē ×œ×š לך) פרק יז פסוק א - כז

(א) ו֎יְהִ֪י אַבְרָ֔ם בÖŧÖļן־×ĒÖŧִ׊ְׁ×ĸÖ´ÖĨים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ×ĒÖĩÖŖ×Š×Öˇ×ĸ שָׁנִ֑ים וַיÖŧÖĩרָ֨א ה֜' אÖļל־אַבְרָ֗ם וַיÖŧ֤֚אמÖļר אÖĩלָיו֙ אֲנִי־אÖĩ֪ל שַׁדÖŧַ֔י הִ×ĒְהַלÖŧÖĩÖĨךְ לְפָנַ֖י וÖļהְיÖĩÖĨה ×ĒָמִÖŊים: (ב) וְאÖļ×ĒÖŧÖ°× Ö¸ÖĨה בְרִי×Ēִ֖י בÖŧÖĩ×™× Ö´ÖŖ×™ וÖŧבÖĩינÖļ֑ךָ וְאַרְבÖŧÖļÖĨה אוֹ×Ēְךָ֖ בÖŧִמְא֚ÖĨד מְא֚ÖŊד: (ג) וַיÖŧִפÖŧÖšÖĨל אַבְרָ֖ם ×ĸַל־פÖŧָנָ֑יו וַיְדַבÖŧÖĩÖĨר אִ×ĒÖŧ֛וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לÖĩאמ֚ÖŊר: (ד) אֲנִ֕י הִנÖŧÖĩÖĨה בְרִי×Ēִ֖י אִ×ĒÖŧָ֑ךְ וְהָיִ֕י×ĒÖ¸ לְאַ֖ב הֲמÖĨוֹן גÖŧוֹיִÖŊם: (ה) וְלֹא־יִקÖŧָרÖĩÖĨא ×ĸוֹ֛ד אÖļ×Ē־שִׁמְךָ֖ אַבְרָ֑ם וְהָיָ֤ה שִׁמְךָ֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם כÖŧִ֛י אַב־הֲמÖĨוֹן גÖŧוֹיִ֖ם × Ö°×ĒÖˇ×ĒÖŧÖ´ÖŊיךָ: (ו) וְהִפְרÖĩ×Ēִ֤י א֚ÖŊ×Ēְךָ֙ בÖŧÖ´×žÖ°×ÖšÖŖ×“ מְאֹ֔ד וÖŧ× Ö°×ĒÖˇ×ĒÖŧִ֖יךָ לְגוֹיִ֑ם וÖŧמְלָכִ֖ים מִמÖŧְךָÖĨ יÖĩ×ĻÖĩÖŊאוÖŧ:â€Ļ(כד) וְאַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם בÖŧÖļן־×ĒÖŧִ׊ְׁ×ĸÖ´ÖĨים וָ×ĒÖĩ֖שַׁ×ĸ שָׁנָ֑ה בÖŧְהִמÖŧֹל֖וֹ בÖŧְשַׂÖĨר ×ĸָרְלָ×ĒÖŊוֹ: (כה) וְיִשְׁמָ×ĸÖĩ֪אל בÖŧְנ֔וֹ בÖŧÖļן־שְׁלֹÖĨ׊ׁ ×ĸÖļשְׂרÖĩ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה בÖŧְהִ֨מÖŧֹל֔וֹ אÖĩ֖×Ē ×‘ÖŧְשַׂÖĨר ×ĸָרְלָ×ĒÖŊוֹ: (כו) בÖŧÖ°×ĸÖļ֙×ĻÖļם֙ הַיÖŧÖŖ×•Öš× הַזÖŧÖļ֔ה נִמÖŧ֖וֹל אַבְרָהָ֑ם וְיִשְׁמָ×ĸÖĩ֖אל בÖŧÖ°× ÖŊוֹ: (כז) וְכָל־אַנְשׁÖĩ֤י בÖĩי×Ēוֹ֙ ×™Ö°×œÖ´ÖŖ×™×“ בÖŧָ֔יִ×Ē ×•Öŧמִקְנַ×Ē־כÖŧÖļ֖סÖļ×Ŗ מÖĩאÖĩÖŖ×Ē ×‘ÖŧÖļן־נÖĩכָ֑ר נִמÖŧֹ֖לוÖŧ אִ×ĒÖŧÖŊוֹ: פ

(1) When Avram was ninety-nine years old, Hashem appeared to Avram and said to him, "I am El Shaddai. Walk before me and be faultless. (2) I will set My covenant between Me and you and will multiply you exceedingly." (3) Avram threw himself on his face and the Almighty spoke to him, saying, (4) "As for Me, here is My covenant with you: You will be the father of a multitude of nations. (5) No longer will you be called by the name Avram, but your name will be Avraham, because I have made you the father of a multitude of nations. (6) I will make you exceedingly fruitful; I will make you into nations and kings will come forth from you. â€Ļ (24) Avraham was ninety-nine years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. (25) And his son, Yishmael, was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. (26) On that very day both Avraham and his son Yishmael, were circumcised. (27) And all the men of his house, those born in the house, and those bought with money from a foreigner, were circumcised with him. (Bereishit 17:1-27)

Linking this section with the verses that follow – the visitation by God and by the three guests - Rashi resolves the textual challenges: Vayera begins precisely where Lech Lecha ends; Avraham is the subject of the narrative, and because he has just undergone a painful medical procedure God appears to him, visits him during his convalescence. There is no need to mention the protagonist by name because the narrative continues seamlessly, nor is there a need to describe the content of the revelation, because the visit itself was the objective.

In this vein, Rashi makes various comments on this verse, all of which refer or relate to circumcision:

ר׊"י בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×§ יח פסוק א

וַיÖŧÖĩרָ֤א אÖĩלָיו֙ - לְבַקÖŧÖĩר אÖļ×Ē ×”Öˇ×—×•Öš×œÖļה. אָמַר רַבÖŧִי חָמָא בÖŧ֡ר חֲנִינָא, יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי לְמִילָ×Ēוֹ הָיָה, וÖŧבָא הַקÖŧָבÖŧÖ¸"ה וְשָׁאַל בÖŧִשְׁלוֹמוֹ (בבא מ×Ļי×ĸא פ"ו):

AND THE ETERNAL APPEARED UNTO HIM to visit the sick. R. Hama the son of Hanina said: it was the third day after his circumcision and the Holy One, blessed be He, came and enquired after the state of his health (Bava Metzia 86b)

באלוני ממרא - הוÖŧא ׊ׁÖļ× ÖŧÖ¸×Ē֎ן לוֹ ×ĸÖĩ×Ļָה ×ĸ֎ל הַמÖŧִילָה, לְפִיכָךְ נִגְלָה ×ĸָלָיו בÖŧְחÖļלְקוֹ (בראשי×Ē ×¨×‘×”):

BY THE OAKS OF MAMRÉ — It was he (Mamre) who advised him (Avraham) regarding the circumcision and therefore He revealed himself to him in his (Mamre’s) territory (Bereishit Rabbah 42:8).

וְה֛וÖŧא יֹשׁÖĩÖĨב - ישב כÖŧÖ°×Ēִיב, בÖŧÖ´×§ÖŧÖĩ׊ׁ ל֎×ĸֲמֹד, אָמַר לוֹ הַקÖŧָבÖŧÖ¸"ה ׊ׁÖĩב וַאֲנִי אÖļ×ĸֱמֹד, וְאַ×ĒÖŧָה סִימָן לְבָנÖļיךָ ׊ׁÖļ×ĸÖ¸×Ēִיד אֲנִי לְהִ×Ēְיַ×ĻÖŧÖĩב בÖŧÖˇ×ĸֲדַ×Ē ×”Öˇ×“ÖŧַיÖŧָנִים וְהÖĩן יוֹשְׁבִין, ׊ׁÖļ× ÖŧÖļאֱמַר אֱלֹהִים × Ö´×ĻÖŧָב בÖŧÖˇ×ĸֲדַ×Ē ×Öĩל (×Ēהילים פ"ב) (בראשי×Ē ×¨×‘×”):

Literally, WAS SITTING — The word is written ישב (without the ו) and therefore may be translated “he sat”: He wished to rise, but the Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, Sit and I will stand. You shall form an example to your descendants — that I, in time to come, will stand in the assembly of the judges while they will sit, as it is said, (Psalms 82:1) “God standeth in the assembly of the judges” (Bereishit Rabbah 48:7)

פ×Ēח האהל - לִרְאוֹ×Ē ×Ö´× יÖĩ׊ׁ ×ĸוֹבÖĩר וָשָׁב וְיַכְנִיסÖĩם בÖŧְבÖĩי×Ēוֹ:

AT THE TENT-DOOR — that he might see whether anyone passed by, and invite him into the house.

כחום היום - הוֹ×Ļִיא הַקָבÖŧÖ¸"ה חַמÖŧָה מִנÖŧ֡רְ×ĒÖŧִיקָהÖŧ, ׊ׁÖļלÖŧ֚א לְהַטְרִיחוֹ בÖŧְאוֹרְחִים, וÖŧלְפִי ׊ׁÖļרָאָהוÖŧ מִ×Ļְט֡×ĸÖĩר ׊ׁÖļלÖŧ֚א הָיוÖŧ אוֹרְחִים בÖŧָאִים, הÖĩבִיא הַמÖŧַלְאָכִים ×ĸָלָיו בÖŧִדְמוÖŧ×Ē ×Ö˛× Ö¸×Š×Ö´×™× (בבא מ×Ļי×ĸא ׊ם):

IN THE HEAT OF THE DAY — The Holy One, blessed be He, brought the sun out of its sheath that he might not be troubled by travelers, and when He perceived that he was grieved that no travelers came He brought to him angels in the form of men (Bava Metzia 86b). (Rashi Bereishit 18:1) 

The episode described in the verses that follow, Rashi explains, took place in the plains of Mamre – because Mamre advised Avraham to perform the circumcision. As a result, Avraham is in pain and God visits him, fulfilling the mitzva of visiting the sick. God finds Avraham in a state of distress because no travelers are out that day due to the unusual heat – which was engineered by God in order to facilitate Avraham’s recuperation with some much-needed rest.

In the midst of this circumcision-focused commentary, Rashi adds an additional comment that seems unrelated: Avraham was sitting at the opening of his tent; although he wanted to stand, God, instructed him to remain seated – as would his descendants in future generations:  When sitting in judgment, judges will sit while God will stand in the courtroom. This comment seems like a non-sequitur, and we are at a loss as to how it fits into the larger theme of visiting the sick or circumcision.

Rashbam’s understanding of these verses differs considerably: In contrast to Rashi’s reading, Rashbam[1] understands that the revelation, described in Verse 1, consists of the events described in Verse 2 and thereafter. In other words, the arrival of the three visitors, and their message of Sarah’s impending pregnancy and the birth of Yitzchak, were the content imparted to Avraham when God appeared to him:

רשב"ם בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק יח פסוק א

וְיָרÖĩא אÖĩלָיו ×”×ŗ - הÖĩיאַךְ? ׊ׁÖļבÖŧָאוÖŧ אÖĩלָיו שְׁלֹשָׁה אֲנָשִׁים ׊ׁÖļהָיוÖŧ מַלְאָכִים. ׊ׁÖļבÖŧְהַרְבÖŧÖĩה מְקוֹמוֹ×Ē ×›Öŧְ׊ׁÖļ× ÖŧִרְאÖļה הַמÖŧ֎לְא֏ךְ קוֹרÖĩהוÖŧ בÖŧִלְשׁוֹן שְׁכִינָה כÖŧִדְכַ×Ē' כÖŧִי שְׁמִי בÖŧְקִרְבÖŧוֹ, שְׁלוÖŧחוֹ כÖŧְמוֹ×Ēוֹ. וְכÖĩן וְיָרÖĩא אÖĩלָיו מַלְאַךְ ×”×ŗ בÖŧְלָבַ×Ē ×Öĩ׊ׁ מִ×ĒÖŧוֹךְ הַסÖŧÖ°× Öļה, וÖŧכְ×Ēוֹ' ׊ָׁם וְיָרÖĩא ×”×ŗ כÖŧִי ץ֡ר לִרְאוֹ×Ē:

And the Eternal appeared to him - How? In the three men who came to him, for they were angels. In many instances, when an angel[2] appears, it is referred to as Shechina (God’s Presence), as it says ‘for My name is within him;’ a person’s agent is like the person himself. Similarly, ‘an angel of God appeared to [Moshe] in the midst of the burning bush,’ and then it says, ‘God appeared, for [Moshe] had turned to look.’ (Rashbam Bereishit 18:1)

In a nutshell, Rashbam explains that the three men who visit and deliver a message are the revelation described in the first verse. In Rashi’s portrayal, God had come to visit and found Avraham depressed and pining for visitors in order to perform hesed. God therefore sends three emissaries -  and stands on the sideline (as it were), allowing Avraham the space to attend to the visitors. This scenario may be supported by God’s response to Sarah’s incredulous laughter upon hearing that she will bear a child:

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק יח

(יב) וַ×ĒÖ´Öŧ×ĻְחַÖĨ×§ שָׂרָ֖ה בְÖŧקִרְבָÖŧÖŖ×”Öŧ לÖĩאמֹ֑ר אַחֲרÖĩ֤י בְלֹ×Ēִי֙ הָÖŊיְ×Ēָה־לִÖŧÖŖ×™ ×ĸÖļדְנָ֔ה וַÖŊאדֹנִ֖י זָקÖĩÖŊן: (יג) וַיÖŧÖšÖĨאמÖļר ה֖' אÖļל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם ×œÖ¸ÖŖ×žÖŧָה זÖŧÖļה֩ ×Ļָחֲקָ֨ה שָׂרָ֜ה לÖĩאמֹ֗ר הַאַÖĨ×Ŗ אÖģמְנָ֛ם אÖĩלÖĩ֖ד וַאֲנִÖĨי זָקַÖŊ× Ö°×ĒÖŧִי: (יד) הֲיִפÖŧָלÖĩÖĨא מÖĩה֖' דÖŧָבָ֑ר לַמÖŧוֹ×ĸÖĩ֞ד אָ׊ׁÖĨוÖŧב אÖĩלÖļ֛יךָ כÖŧÖ¸×ĸÖĩÖĨ×Ē ×—Öˇ×™Öŧָ֖ה וÖŧלְשָׂרָÖĨה בÖĩÖŊן: (טו) וַ×ĒÖŧְכַחÖĩ֨׊ׁ שָׂרָ֧ה׀ לÖĩאמֹ֛ר לֹÖĨא ×Ļָחַ֖קְ×ĒÖŧִי כÖŧÖ´ÖŖ×™×€ יָרÖĩ֑אָה וַיÖŧÖšÖĨאמÖļר׀ לֹ֖א כÖŧÖ´ÖĨי ×ĻָחָÖŊ×§Ö°×ĒÖŧÖ°:

(12) Sarah laughed within herself, saying, “After I have grown old will I have pleasure, my lord being old also?” (13) God said to Avraham, “Why did Sarah laugh, saying, ‘Will I really bear a child, yet I am old?’ (14) Is anything too hard for God? At the set time I will return to you, when the season comes round, and Sarah will have a son.” (15) Then Sarah denied, saying, “I did not laugh,” for she was afraid. He said, “No, but you did laugh.” (Bereishit 18:12-15)

God, who has been patiently waiting on the sidelines, enters the narrative to question Sarah’s response.[3]

The entire episode remains unclear. If God is waiting on the sidelines, only to “reappear,” are we to imagine that a visit by God was not satisfying enough for Avraham? Was he so hyper-focused on his own need to perform acts of kindness, of hesed, that a visit by the Almighty Himself was unappreciated?

The next verse makes the question even more pointed: In what may appear to be a bit of literary foreshadowing, Avraham’s guests prepare to take their leave and they take a long, hard look at the city of Sodom:

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק יח

(טז) וַיÖŧָקÖģ֤מוÖŧ מִ׊Öŧָׁם֙ הָÖŊאֲנָשִׁ֔ים וַיÖŧַשְׁקִ֖פוÖŧ ×ĸַל־פÖŧÖ°× ÖĩÖŖ×™ סְדֹ֑ם וְאַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם הֹלÖĩÖĨךְ ×ĸִמÖŧָ֖ם לְשַׁלÖŧְחָÖŊם:

The men arose from there and turned their gaze toward Sodom, and Avraham walked with them to escort them. (Bereishit 18:16)

Sodom is apparently their next destination, and Avraham starts them on their journey (ostensibly leaving his original “guest,” God Himself, waiting for him back in the tent). It is at this point that God addresses Avraham and negotiations regarding Sodom commence.

Before continuing the narrative, let us revisit the first of our textual anomalies: the use of pronouns to replace the protagonist’s name. In retrospect, the fact that Avraham’s name is not mentioned creates some drama, particularly when we consider this chapter a continuation of the previous one. The message of the previous chapter was not only the impending birth of Yitzchak; a mitzvah was given – circumcision - and a covenant was forged. But there was one more point: Avram and Sarai were given new names. What is the significance of this change? Are these the same people? Have they undergone some type of “rebirth” or conversion?[4] If the change of their names reflects some deeper change, how does it manifest itself? Later in the Torah, Yaakov will be given a new name, but his original name is never lost; his dual names reflect a dual reality. The name Yaakov lives on, referring to the private persona, while the name Yisrael refers to the patriarch of the emerging nation. Here, when only pronouns are used so soon after the new names are conferred, we are forced to consider whether Avraham continues to be Avram, whether Sarah is still Sarai.

The significance of Avraham’s new name is articulated by God: Avram is to be “the father of many nations”- but this seems quite ironic. At the moment God informs him that he will have a single heir, a son who will be named Yitzchak and that his son Yishmael is “out of the picture,” we cannot help but wonder how or why the name Avraham – father of many nations – is suitable

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יז

(א) ו֎יְהִ֪י אַבְרָ֔ם בÖļÖŧן־×ĒÖ´Öŧ׊ְׁ×ĸÖ´ÖĨים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ×ĒÖĩÖŖ×ŠÖˇ××ĸ שָׁנִ֑ים וַיÖŧÖĩרָ֨א ה֜' אÖļל־אַבְרָ֗ם וַיÖŧ֤֚אמÖļר אÖĩלָיו֙ אֲנִי־אÖĩ֪ל שַׁדÖŧַ֔י הִ×ĒְהַלÖŧÖĩÖĨךְ לְפָנַ֖י וÖļהְיÖĩÖĨה ×ĒָמִÖŊים: (ב) וְאÖļ×ĒÖŧÖ°× Ö¸ÖĨה בְרִי×Ēִ֖י בÖŧÖĩ×™× Ö´ÖŖ×™ וÖŧבÖĩינÖļ֑ךָ וְאַרְבÖŧÖļÖĨה אוֹ×Ēְךָ֖ בÖŧִמְא֚ÖĨד מְא֚ÖŊד: (ג) וַיÖŧִפÖŧÖšÖĨל אַבְרָ֖ם ×ĸַל־פÖŧָנָ֑יו וַיְדַבÖŧÖĩÖĨר אִ×ĒÖŧ֛וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לÖĩאמ֚ÖŊר: (ד) אֲנִ֕י הִנÖŧÖĩÖĨה בְרִי×Ēִ֖י אִ×ĒÖŧָ֑ךְ וְהָיִ֕י×ĒÖ¸ לְאַ֖ב הֲמÖĨוֹן גÖŧוֹיִÖŊם: (ה) וְלֹא־יִקÖŧָרÖĩÖĨא ×ĸוֹ֛ד אÖļ×Ē־שִׁמְךָ֖ אַבְרָ֑ם וְהָיָ֤ה שִׁמְךָ֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם כÖŧִ֛י אַב־הֲמÖĨוֹן גÖŧוֹיִ֖ם × Ö°×ĒÖˇ×ĒÖŧÖ´ÖŊיךָ: (ו) וְהִפְרÖĩ×Ēִ֤י א֚ÖŊ×Ēְךָ֙ בÖŧÖ´×žÖ°×ÖšÖŖ×“ מְאֹ֔ד וÖŧ× Ö°×ĒÖˇ×ĒÖŧִ֖יךָ לְגוֹיִ֑ם וÖŧמְלָכִ֖ים מִמÖŧְךָÖĨ יÖĩ×ĻÖĩÖŊאוÖŧ: (ז) וַהֲקִמֹ×Ēִ֨י אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧְרִי×Ēִ֜י בÖŧÖĩ×™× Ö´ÖŖ×™ וÖŧבÖĩינÖļ֗ךָ וÖŧבÖĩ֨ין זַרְ×ĸ֞ך֏֧ אַחֲרÖļ֛יךָ לְדֹרֹ×Ēָ֖ם ×œÖ´×‘Ö°×¨Ö´ÖŖ×™×Ē ×ĸוֹלָ֑ם לִהְי֤וֹ×Ē ×œÖ°×šÖ¸Ö™ לÖĩÖŊאלֹהִ֔ים וÖŧÖŊלְזַרְ×ĸֲךָ֖ אַחֲרÖļÖŊיךָ: (ח) וְנָ×ĒÖˇ×ĒÖŧÖ´ÖŖ×™ לְ֠ךָ וÖŧלְזַרְ×ĸ֞ך֏֍ אַחֲרÖļ֜יךָ אÖĩÖŖ×Ē׀ אÖļ֪׍Öļ×Ĩ מְגÖģרÖļ֗יךָ אÖĩ֚×Ē ×›Öŧָל־אÖļ֪׍Öļ×Ĩ כÖŧְנַ֔×ĸ֎ן לַאֲחÖģזÖŧַ֖×Ē ×ĸוֹלָ֑ם וְהָיִÖĨי×Ēִי לָהÖļ֖ם לÖĩאלֹהִÖŊים: (ט) וַיÖŧ֤֚אמÖļר אֱלֹהִים֙ אÖļל־אַבְרָהָ֔ם וְאַ×ĒÖŧָ֖ה אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧְרִי×ĒÖ´ÖŖ×™ ×Ēִשְׁמֹ֑ר א֡×ĒÖŧָ֛ה וְזַרְ×ĸ֞ך֏ÖĨ א֡ÖŊחֲרÖļ֖יךָ לְדֹרֹ×ĒÖ¸ÖŊם: (י) ×–ÖšÖŖ××Ē ×‘Öŧְרִי×Ēִ֞י אֲ׊ׁÖļ֪׍ ×ĒÖŧִשְׁמְר֗וÖŧ בÖŧÖĩינִי֙ וÖŧבÖĩÖŖ×™× ÖĩיכÖļ֔ם וÖŧבÖĩÖĨין זַרְ×ĸֲךָ֖ אַחֲרÖļ֑יךָ הִמÖŧÖĨוֹל לָכÖļ֖ם כÖŧָל־זָכָÖŊר: (יא) וÖŧנְמַלְ×ĒÖŧÖļ֕ם אÖĩ֖×Ē ×‘ÖŧÖ°×Š×‚ÖˇÖŖ×¨ ×ĸ֏׍ְל֎×ĒְכÖļ֑ם וְהָיָה֙ ×œÖ°×ÖŖ×•Öš×Ē ×‘Öŧְרִ֔י×Ē ×‘ÖŧÖĩינִ֖י וÖŧבÖĩינÖĩיכÖļÖŊם: (יב) וÖŧבÖļ×ŸÖž×Š×Ö°×žÖš× ÖˇÖŖ×Ē ×™Ö¸×žÖ´Ö—×™× יִמÖŧÖĨוֹל לָכÖļ֛ם כÖŧָל־זָכָ֖ר לְדֹרֹ×ĒÖĩיכÖļ֑ם ×™Ö°×œÖ´ÖŖ×™×“ בÖŧָ֔יִ×Ē ×•Öŧמִקְנַ×Ē־כÖŧÖļ֙סÖļ×ŖÖ™ מִכÖŧÖšÖŖ×œ בÖŧÖļן־נÖĩכָ֔ר אֲ׊ׁÖļ֛ר לֹÖĨא מִÖŊזÖŧ֡רְ×ĸֲךָ֖ הÖŊוÖŧא: (יג) הִמÖŧ֧וֹל׀ יִמÖŧ֛וֹל יְלִÖĨיד בÖŧÖĩÖŊי×Ēְךָ֖ וÖŧ×žÖ´×§Ö°× ÖˇÖŖ×Ē ×›Öŧ֡ץְפÖŧÖļ֑ךָ וְהָיְ×Ēָ֧ה בְרִי×Ēִ֛י בÖŧִבְשַׂרְכÖļ֖ם לִבְרִÖĨי×Ē ×ĸוֹלָÖŊם: (יד) וְ×ĸָרÖĩÖŖ×œ×€ זָכָ֗ר אֲ׊ׁÖļ֤ר לֹÖŊא־יִמÖŧוֹל֙ אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧÖ°×Š×‚ÖˇÖŖ×¨ ×ĸָרְלָ×Ē֔וֹ וְנִכְרְ×Ēָ֛ה הַנÖŧÖļÖĨפÖļ׊ׁ הַהִ֖וא מÖĩ×ĸַמÖŧÖļ֑יהָ אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧְרִי×Ēִ֖י הÖĩפ֡ÖŊר: ץ (טו) וַיÖŧ֤֚אמÖļר אֱלֹהִים֙ אÖļל־אַבְרָהָ֔ם ×Š×‚Ö¸×¨ÖˇÖŖ×™ אִ׊ְׁ×ĒÖŧְךָ֔ לֹא־×ĒִקְרָÖĨא אÖļ×Ē־שְׁמָ֖הÖŧ שָׂרָ֑י כÖŧÖ´ÖĨי שָׂרָ֖ה ׊ְׁמָÖŊהÖŧ: (טז) וÖŧבÖĩרַכְ×ĒÖŧÖ´ÖŖ×™ א֚×Ēָ֔הÖŧ וְגַ֨ם × Ö¸×ĒÖˇÖ§×ĒÖŧִי מִמÖŧÖļ֛נÖŧָה לְךָ֖ בÖŧÖĩ֑ן וÖŧבÖĩÖŊרַכְ×ĒÖŧִ֙יהָ֙ וְהָÖŊיְ×ĒÖ¸ÖŖ×” לְגוֹיִ֔ם מַלְכÖĩÖĨי ×ĸַמÖŧִ֖ים מִמÖŧÖļÖĨ× Öŧָה יִהְיÖŊוÖŧ:

(1) When Avram was ninety-nine years old, God  appeared to Avram, and said to him, “I am I am El Shaddai. Walk before me and be blameless. (2) I will make My covenant between Me and you, and will multiply you exceedingly.” (3) Avram fell on his face. The Almighty spoke to him, saying,(4) “As for Me, behold, My covenant is with you. You will be the father of a multitude of nations. (5) Neither will your name any more be called Avram, but your name will be Avraham; for I have made you the father of a multitude of nations. (6) I will make you exceedingly fruitful, and I will make nations of you. Kings will come out of you. (7) I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God to you and to your descendants after you. (8) I will give to you, and to your descendants after you, the land where you are traveling, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession. I will be their God.” (9) God said to Avraham, “As for you, you will keep My covenant, you and your descendants after you throughout their generations. (10) This is My covenant, which you shall keep, between Me and you and your descendants after you. Every male among you shall be circumcised. (11) You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. It will be a token of the covenant between Me and you. (12) He who is eight days old will be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generations, he who is born in the house, or bought with money from any foreigner who is not of your descendants. (13) He who is born in your house, and he who is bought with your money, must be circumcised. My covenant will be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. (14) The uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people. He has broken My covenant.” (15) God said to Avraham, “As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her name Sarai, but her name will be Sarah. (16) I will bless her, and moreover, I will give you a son by her. Yes, I will bless her, and she will be a mother of nations. Kings of peoples will come from her.” (Bereishit 17:1-15)

Perhaps we can go so far as to say that while Avram fathered Yishmael, Avraham will have a son, Yitzchak, and only a son of Avraham, and Sarah is a real son. This would explain the concern that Avraham immediately expresses regarding the status and stature of Yishmael:

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יז

(יח) וַיֹÖŧÖĨאמÖļר אַבְרָהָ֖ם אÖļל־הָÖŊאֱלֹהִ֑ים לÖĨוÖŧ יִשְׁמָ×ĸÖĩ֖אל יִחְיÖļÖĨה לְפָנÖļÖŊיךָ: (יט) וַיÖŧÖšÖŖ××žÖļר אֱלֹהִ֗ים אֲבָל֙ ×Š×‚Ö¸×¨Ö¸ÖŖ×” אִ׊ְׁ×ĒÖŧְךָ֗ יֹלÖļ֤דÖļ×Ē ×œÖ°×šÖ¸Ö™ בÖŧÖĩ֔ן וְקָרָÖĨא×ĒÖ¸ אÖļ×Ē־שְׁמ֖וֹ יִ×Ļְחָ֑ק וַהֲקִמֹ×Ēִ֨י אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧְרִי×ĒÖ´ÖĨי אִ×ĒÖŧ֛וֹ לִבְרִÖĨי×Ē ×ĸוֹלָ֖ם לְזַרְ×ĸÖĨוֹ אַחֲרָÖŊיו: (כ) וÖŧÖŊלְיִשְׁמָ×ĸÖĩאל֘ שְׁמַ×ĸÖ°×ĒÖŧִיךָ֒ הִנÖŧÖĩÖŖ×”×€ בÖŧÖĩ׍֎֪כְ×ĒÖŧִי א֚×Ē֗וֹ וְהִפְרÖĩי×ĒÖ´ÖĨי א֚×Ē֛וֹ וְהִרְבÖŧÖĩי×ĒÖ´ÖĨי א֚×Ē֖וֹ בÖŧÖ´×žÖ°×ÖšÖŖ×“ מְאֹ֑ד ׊ְׁנÖĩים־×ĸָשָׂ֤ר נְשִׂיאִם֙ יוֹלִ֔יד וÖŧ× Ö°×ĒÖˇ×ĒÖŧִ֖יו לְגÖĨוֹי גÖŧָדÖŊוֹל: (כא) וְאÖļ×Ē־בÖŧְרִי×Ēִ֖י ×Ö¸×§Ö´ÖŖ×™× אÖļ×Ē־יִ×Ļְחָ֑ק אֲ׊ׁÖļר֊ ×ĒÖŧÖĩלÖĩ֨ד לְךָ֤ שָׂרָה֙ לַמÖŧוֹ×ĸÖĩ֪ד הַזÖŧÖļ֔ה בÖŧ֡׊Öŧָׁנָ֖ה הָאַחÖļÖŊרÖļ×Ē:

(18) Avraham said to God, “Oh that Yishmael might live before you!” (19) God said, “No, but Sarah, your wife, will bear you a son. You shall call his name Yitzchak. I will establish My covenant with him for an everlasting covenant for his descendants after him. (20) As for Yishmael, I have heard you. Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly. He will become the father of twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation. (21) But My covenant I establish with Yitzchak, whom Sarah will bear to you at this set time next year.” (Bereishit 17:18-21)

This distinction leaps out of the dialogue leading up to the Akeidah (the ‘binding of Yitzchak’) later in the parasha, when God demonstrably calls Avraham by name - by that very particular name:

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק כב פסוק א - ג

(א) וַיְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַדְÖŧ×‘Ö¸×¨Ö´ÖŖ×™× הָאÖĩ֔לÖļÖŧה ×•Ö°×”Ö¸ÖŖ×Öą×œÖš×”Ö´Ö”×™× נִץָÖŧ֖ה אÖļ×Ē־אַבְרָהָ֑ם וַיÖŧÖšÖŖ××žÖļר אÖĩלָ֔יו אַבְרָהָ֖ם וַיÖŧÖšÖĨאמÖļר הִנÖŧÖĩÖŊנִי: (ב) וַיÖŧֹ֡אמÖļר קַח־נָ֠א אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧִנְךָ֙ אÖļ×Ē־יְחִÖŊידְךָ֤ אֲ׊ׁÖļר־אָהַ֙בְ×ĒÖŧָ֙ אÖļ×Ē־יִ×Ļְחָ֔ק וְלÖļךְ־לְךָ֔ אÖļל־אÖļ֖רÖļ×Ĩ הַמÖŧֹרִיÖŧָ֑ה וְהַ×ĸ֞לÖĩ֤הוÖŧ שָׁם֙ לְ×ĸֹלָ֔ה ×ĸ֎֚ל א֎ח֎֪ד הÖļÖŊהָרִ֔ים אֲ׊ׁÖļ֖ר אֹמַÖĨר אÖĩלÖļÖŊיךָ: (ג) וַיÖŧַשְׁכÖŧÖĩ֨ם אַבְרָהָ֜ם בÖŧַבÖŧֹ֗קÖļר וַÖŊיÖŧַחֲבֹשׁ֙ אÖļ×Ē־חֲמֹר֔וֹ וַיÖŧÖ´×§Öŧַ֞ח אÖļ×Ē֞׊ְׁנÖĩ֤י × Ö°×ĸָרָיו֙ אִ×ĒÖŧ֔וֹ וְאÖĩ֖×Ē ×™Ö´×ĻÖ°×—Ö¸ÖŖ×§ בÖŧְנ֑וֹ וַיְבַקÖŧÖˇ×ĸ֙ ×ĸÖ˛×ĻÖĩÖŖ×™ ×ĸֹלָ֔ה וַיÖŧÖ¸ÖŖ×§Ö¸× וַיÖŧÖĩ֔לÖļךְ אÖļל־הַמÖŧָק֖וֹם אֲ׊ׁÖļר֞אָÖŊמַר־לÖĨוֹ הָאֱלֹהִÖŊים:

(1) It happened after these things, that God tested Avraham, and said to him, “Avraham!” He said, “Here I am.” (2) He said, “Now take your son, your only son, whom you love, Yitzchak, and go to the land of Moriah. Offer him there for an olah offering on one of the mountains which I will tell you of.” (3) Avraham rose early in the morning and saddled his donkey, and took his two young men with him, and Yitzchak his son. He split the wood for the olah offering, and rose up, and went to the place of which The Almighty had told him. Bereishit 22:1-3)

Avraham had but one son – Yitzchak. Moreover, according to the Midrash, Yishmael was there – but he is not referred to not as a son but as one of Avraham’s “young men.”

ר׊"י בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק כב פסוק ג

א×Ē ×Š× ×™ × ×ĸריו - יִשְׁמָ×ĸÖĩאל וÖļאֱלִי×ĸÖļזÖļר,â€Ļ

His two young men – Yishmael and Eliezer. (Rashi Bereishit 22:3)

Yishmael and Eliezer, each in their own way a potential heir of Avraham, are now seen to be mere pretenders, ‘extras’ in the unfolding drama; a third candidate for surrogate son or heir, Lot, had left the stage long ago, choosing Sodom over the tent of Avraham - even though Sodom was already an infamously wicked city when Lot made his terrible choice:

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג, יא-יג

(יא) וַיִÖŧ×‘Ö°×—Öˇ×¨Öž×œÖŖ×•Öš ל֗וֹט אÖĩ֚×Ē ×›Ö¸Öŧל־כִÖŧכַÖŧ֪׍ הַיַÖŧרְדÖĩÖŧ֔ן וַיִÖŧץ֡ÖŧÖĨ×ĸ ל֖וֹט מִקÖļÖŧ֑דÖļם וַיִÖŧפָÖŧ֪׍ְד֔וÖŧ אִ֖ישׁ מÖĩ×ĸÖˇÖĨל אָחִÖŊיו: (יב) אַבְרָ֖ם ×™Ö¸×ŠÖˇ×ÖŖ×‘ בְÖŧאÖļÖŊרÖļ×Ĩ־כְÖŧנָ֑×ĸ֎ן וְל֗וֹט יָשַׁב֙ בְÖŧ×ĸָרÖĩÖŖ×™ הַכִÖŧכָÖŧ֔ר וַיÖļÖŧאֱהַ֖ל ×ĸַד־סְדֹÖŊם: (יג) וְאַנְשÖĩׁ֪י סְדֹ֔ם רָ×ĸִ֖ים וְחַטÖŧָאִ֑ים לַה֖' מְא֚ÖŊד:

(11) So Lot chose the Plain of the Jordan for himself. Lot traveled east, and they separated themselves the one from the other. (12) Abram lived in the land of Canaan, and Lot lived in the cities of the plain, and moved his tent as far as Sodom. (13) Now the people of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and sinners against God. (Bereishit 13:11-13)

How was the evil, the wickedness of Sodom, manifest? While some commentaries attribute every possible sin to the people of Sodom,[5] the prophet Yechezkel is very specific: He accuses them of maltreatment of the poor and the weak.[6]

יחזקאל פרק טז פסוק מט

הִנÖĩÖŧה־זÖļÖŖ×” הָיָ֔ה ×ĸֲוֹ֖ן ×ĄÖ°×“ÖšÖŖ× אֲחוֹ×ĒÖĩ֑ךְ גÖŧָא֨וֹן שִׂבְ×ĸÖˇ×Ē־לÖļ֜חÖļם ×•Ö°×Š×Öˇ×œÖ°×•ÖˇÖŖ×Ē ×”Öˇ×Š×Ö°×§Öĩ֗ט הָ֤יָה לָהÖŧ֙ וְלִבְנוֹ×ĒÖļ֔יהָ וְיַד־×ĸָנִÖĨי וְאÖļבְי֖וֹן לֹÖĨא הÖļחֱזִÖŊיקָה:

Only this was the sin of your sister Sodom: arrogance! She and her daughters had plenty of bread and untroubled tranquility; yet she did not support the poor and the needy. (Yechezkel 16:49)

With this value judgment, offered by God via the prophet, a question emerges: If Sodom was already considered spiritually dysfunctional in the 13th chapter of Bereishit, why does God only heed the cry now (in chapter 18)? What has changed? Why is the time now ripe for Sodom’s destruction?

This question brings us back to the point in the text where we paused: Avraham’s visitors look toward Sodom and take their leave, and God, quite remarkably, tells us what He is thinking.

בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק יח

(יז) וַÖŊה֖' אָמָ֑ר הַÖŊמְכַסÖļÖŧ֤ה אֲנִי֙ מÖĩÖŊאַבְרָהָ֔ם אֲ׊Öļׁ֖ר אֲנִÖĨי ×ĸ֚׊ÖļÖŊׂה: (יח) וְאַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם הָי֧וֹ יִÖŊהְיÖļ֛ה לְגÖĨוֹי גÖŧָד֖וֹל וְ×ĸÖ¸×Ļ֑וÖŧם וְנִ֨בְרְכוÖŧ־ב֔וֹ כÖŧֹ֖ל גÖŧוֹיÖĩÖĨי הָאָÖŊרÖļ×Ĩ: (יט) כÖŧÖ´ÖŖ×™ יְדַ×ĸÖ°×ĒÖŧִ֗יו לְמַ×ĸַן֩ אֲ׊ׁÖļ֨ר יְ×ĻַוÖŧÖļ֜ה אÖļ×Ē־בÖŧָנָ֤יו וְאÖļ×Ē־בÖŧÖĩי×Ēוֹ֙ אַחֲרָ֔יו וְשָׁÖŊמְרוÖŧ֙ דÖŧÖļ֪׍Öļךְ ה֔' ל֎×ĸֲשׂÖĨוֹ×Ē ×Ļְדָקָ֖ה וÖŧמִ׊ְׁפÖŧָ֑ט לְמַ֗×ĸ֎ן הָבִ֤יא ה֙' ×ĸַל־אַבְרָהָ֔ם אÖĩÖĨ×Ē ×Ö˛×Š×Öļר־דÖŧִבÖŧÖļ֖ר ×ĸָלָÖŊיו: (כ) וַיÖŧÖšÖŖ××žÖļר ה֔' זַ×ĸֲקַ֛×Ē ×ĄÖ°×“ÖšÖĨם וַ×ĸֲמֹרָ֖ה כÖŧִי־רָ֑בÖŧָה וְחַ֨טÖŧָא×Ēָ֔ם כÖŧÖ´ÖĨי כָבְדָ֖ה מְא֚ÖŊד:

(17) God said, “Will I hide from Avraham what I do, (18) since Avraham will surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth will be blessed through him? (19) For I have known him, that he will command his children and his household after him, that they will keep the way of God, to do righteousness and justice such that God  will bring on Avraham that which He has spoken of him.” (20) God said, “The cry of Sodom and Amorrah is great, and their sin is very grievous.” (Bereishit 18:17-20)

The question that has troubled so many philosophers is answered in the text itself: Why is Avraham chosen? Because he will command his children to follow the path of God and perform acts of charity and justice. Avraham’s name was changed because he was destined to be “the father of many nations,” a change that can take place only through Yitzchak. Avraham can assume his role as the father of many nations – the role that is his destiny, the role that is reflected in the name God gave him in the previous chapter – with the birth of his one true heir, Yitzchak. This is the start of a nation that will be dedicated to decency and justice.

God tells Avraham about the outrage in Sodom. Avraham-the-father-of-many- nations takes up the proverbial gauntlet and takes on the role of defense attorney[7] in the trial of Sodom, attempting to defend the indefensible.

Prima facie, Avraham’s seamless segue into this role seems strange and counterintuitive; the people of Sodom are the antithesis of everything Avraham stands for. Nonetheless, Avraham argues on their behalf, insisting that the doomed cities must contain some good.

In retrospect, this brings God’s visit to Avraham’s tent into clear focus: this must have been the point from the outset. The reason God appeared to Avraham was to conduct the trial of Sodom, which may explain Rashi’s seemingly disconnected reference to judges in a trial. Yet Avraham’s valiant defense should give us pause: Is it possible that Avraham’s arguments for Sodom tell us far more about Avraham and his righteousness than they tell us about Sodom itself? If the roles were reversed, would the king of Sodom have argued to save Avraham? Could the arguments presented by Avraham have served to highlight the chasm between the wickedness of Sodom and the righteousness of Avraham? With each round of negotiation, Avraham’s arguments make the guilt of Sodom more and more obvious.

This insight unlocks the entire chapter: The first section of the parasha, whether we were aware of it or not, was also about the trial of Sodom; we might say that it was “Exhibit A.”

God appears to Avraham; the trial is about to begin. Three visitors arrive, and Avraham treats them like royalty, like angels who have come to visit from heaven; he spares no cost or effort to make them feel welcome and valued. Avraham’s tent is open for business, and this is “business as usual.” The message these guests bear is that there will be continuity. A child will be born, precisely because this enterprise is investment-worthy, because these people will teach their children kindness and decency. This couple deserves a child; their legacy, the “business” they have built –kindness, charity, justice - must continue.

In stark contrast stand the people of Sodom; in the words of Yechezkel, these people do not stretch out their hand to those in need. The poor, the hungry, the disenfranchised are left to die in Sodom; there is no mercy, and not a tear is shed.

When the angels arrive in Sodom they witness firsthand the deplorable moral state of the city, and the trial of Sodom continues – but this is ‘Exhibit B.’ The first piece of evidence introduced at the trial was the extraordinary kindness of Avraham and Sarah. The juxtaposition is not a coincidence: The behavior of Sodom seems even more pale in comparison to the reception of these guests in Avraham’s tent. It is the shining example of how things should be that damns Sodom to destruction, and the fate of the city is sealed. Avraham will have an heir, whereas there is no justification for the continued existence of Sodom.

The overriding theme of the narrative, then, concerns Avraham becoming the father of many nations. Nations that follow Avraham’s lead will be uplifted by his moral guidance and enlightened by his teachings; those that do not will be damned for failing to adhere to those teachings and for falling so short of the benchmark of decency set by Avraham.

Ironically, while Avraham’s words argued for Sodom to be saved, Avraham’s deeds inadvertently sealed their fate. They had chosen misanthropy and moral decay, despite the opportunity to follow Avraham’s lead.[8] Their time was up; Avraham’s was just beginning.

[1] See Rambam, Guide to the Perplexed 2:42, who gives a similar explanation; according to the Rambam the entire episode was a vision. This position is severely attacked by Ramban (Bereishit 18:1). Also see the comments of Ralbag on Bereishit 19:37.

רמב"ן בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×•×™×¨× פרק יח פסוק א

(א) וירא אליו - לשון ר׊"י, לבקר א×Ē ×”×—×•×œ×”, אמר רבי חמא בר חנינא יום שלישי למיל×Ēו היה ובא הקדוש ברוך הוא ושאל בו. והנה שלשה אנשים, המלאכים שבאו אליו בדמו×Ē ×× ×Š×™×. שלשה, אחד לבשר א×Ē ×Š×¨×” ואחד לרפאו×Ē ××Ē ××‘×¨×”× ואחד להפוך א×Ē ×Ą×“×•×, ורפאל שריפא א×Ē ××‘×¨×”× הלך מ׊ם לה×Ļיל א×Ē ×œ×•×˜, שאין זה ׊×Ēי שליחו×Ē, כי היה במקום אחר ונ×Ļטווה בו אחר כן, או ׊׊×Ēיהן לה×Ļלה. ויאכלו, נראו כמי שאכלו:

ובספר מורה הנבוכים (ב מב) נאמר כי הפרשה כלל ופרט. אמר הכ×Ēוב ×Ēחלה כי נראה אליו השם במראו×Ē ×”× ×‘×•××”, ואיך הי×Ēה המראה הזא×Ē, כי נ׊א ×ĸיניו במראה והנה ג' אנשים × ×Ļבים ×ĸליו. ויאמר אם נא מ×Ļא×Ēי חן ב×ĸיניך, זה ספור מה ׊אמר במראה הנבואה לאחד מהם הגדול שבהם. ואם במראה, לא נראו אליו רק אנשים אוכלים בשר, איך אמר "וירא אליו ה'", כי הנה לא נראה לו השם לא במראה ולא במחשבה, וככה לא נמ×Ļא בכל הנבואו×Ē, והנה לדבריו לא לשה שרה ×ĸוגו×Ē, ולא ×ĸשה אברהם בן בקר, וגם לא ×Ļחקה שרה, רק הכל מראה, ואם כן בא החלום הזה ברוב ×ĸנין כחלומו×Ē ×”×Š×§×¨, כי מה ×Ēו×ĸל×Ē ×œ×”×¨××•×Ē ×œ×• כל זה:

וכן אמר (׊ם) ב×ĸנין "ויאבק איש ×ĸמו" (להלן לב כה) שהכל מראה הנבואה. ולא יד×ĸ×Ēי למה היה ×Ļול×ĸ ×ĸל ירכו בהקי×Ĩ, ולמה אמר (להלן לב לא) כי ראי×Ēי אלהים פנים אל פנים ו×Ē× ×Ļל נפשי, כי הנביאים לא יפחדו שימו×Ēו מפני מראו×Ē ×”× ×‘×•××”. וכבר ראה מראה גדולה ונכבד×Ē ×ž×–××Ē, כי גם א×Ē ×”×Š× הנכבד ראה פ×ĸמים רבו×Ē ×‘×ž×¨××” הנבואה (×ĸיין להלן כח יג, לא ג):

והנה לפי ד×ĸ×Ēו זא×Ē ×™×Ļטרך לומר כן ב×ĸנין לוט, כי לא באו המלאכים אל בי×Ēו, ולא אפה להם מ×Ļו×Ē ×•×™××›×œ×•, אבל הכל היה מראה. ואם י×ĸלה א×Ē ×œ×•×˜ למ×ĸל×Ē ×ž×¨××” הנבואה איך יהיו אנשי סדום הר×ĸים והחטאים נביאים, כי מי הגיד להם שבאו אנשים אל בי×Ēו. ואם הכל מראו×Ē × ×‘×•××Ēו של לוט, יהיה "ויאי×Ļו המלאכים וגו' קום קח א×Ē ××Š×Ēך", "ויאמר המלט ×ĸל נפשך" (להלן יט טו יז), "והנה נ׊א×Ēי פניך" (׊ם כא), וכל הפרשה כלה מראה, וישאר לוט בסדום. אבל יחשוב שהיו המ×ĸשים × ×ĸשים מאליהם, והמאמרים בכל דבר ודבר מראה, ואלה דברים סו×Ēרים הכ×Ēוב, אסור לשומ×ĸם את כי להאמין בהם:â€Ļ

רלב״ג יט:לז

וראוי ׊×Ēד×ĸ, שאין ראוי שיÖĩÖŧאָמÖĩר ׊אÖĩלו השלושה אנשים ראה אברהם במראה הנבואה, לסיבו×Ē ×¨×‘×•×Ē. ×ž×”ם, שאין בכאן דבר מכריח או×Ēנו לומר שזה הדבר היה במראה הנבואה לבד, לא סיפור דבר שקרה, ולזה ראוי שנאמין שזה הדבר הוא כפשוטו. כי אין ראוי שנו×Ļיא דבר מידי פשוטו במאמרים ה×Ēוריים, אם לא יביאנו אל זה ההכרח, כמו שביארנו בפרש×Ē ×‘×¨××Š×™×Ē. ×•מהם, שאין ראוי שיÖĩÖŧאָמÖĩן שהדבר שיגי×ĸ לאברהם במראה הנבואה ×Ē׊מ×ĸהו שרה ו×Ēל×ĸג ×ĸליו. וזה, ׊אם הי×Ēה נביאה — לא י×Ēכן לה ׊×Ēל×ĸג ×ĸל מה שהגי×ĸה אליה בנבואה; ואם לא הי×Ēה נביאה — לא י×Ēכן ׊×Ē׊מ×ĸ זה הדיבור. ואיך שיהיה, לא י×Ēכן ׊×Ē׊מ×ĸהו, אבל ×Ē׊מ×ĸ הנבואה א׊ר הגי×ĸה לה, לא הדיבור ב×ĸינו שהגי×ĸ לאברהם, וזה דבר מבואר ב×ĸ×Ļמו למי שי×Ēבונן באיכו×Ē ×”× ×‘×•××” ומהו×Ēה. ×•מהם, שאין ראוי שנאמין שיהיו אלו המלאכים באים ללוט במראה הנבואה, כי לא היה ראוי לנבואה לפי מה שנראה מ×ĸִנְינו, ×ĸד שכבר סיפר כי לא היה מושגח כי אם בזכו×Ē ××‘×¨×”×. ×•מהם, ׊אם היו אלו המלאכים מגי×ĸים אל לוט במראה הנבואה, לא י×Ēכן מה שסיפר מאנשי ה×ĸיר שבאו ללוט שיו×Ļיא האנשים ההם אליהם ויד×ĸו או×Ēם, וזה מבואר מאד ×ĸד שהאריכו×Ē ×‘×‘×™××•×¨×• הוא מוֹ×Ēר. 

[2] Note that in chapter 18 the visitors are described as “people” in contrast to chapter 19 where the visitors are described as malachim – angels. The Ralbag opines that the people visiting were prophets.

רלב"ג ביאור הפרשה בראשי×Ē ×™"ח

(ב) ונשא אברהם א×Ē ×ĸיניו וראה שלושה אנשים מהנביאים א׊ר היו אז שהיו ני×Ļבים א×Ļלו.

(ט) ואחרי אוכלם שאלו איה שרה א׊×Ēו, כי האחד מהם בא לבשר או×Ēה שיהיה לה בן, כי מדרך הנביא שיודי×ĸ ×ĸנין נבוא×Ēו לאשר באה הנבואה ×ĸליהם, אם טוב ואם ר×ĸ, כדי שישמחו בטוב ויש×Ēדלו בהבא×Ēו בסיבו×Ē ×”× ××•×Ēו×Ē, ושימלטו מהר×ĸ בשישובו אל ה' י×Ē×ĸלה וירחמם. ואמר להם אברהם שהיא באהל המיוחד לה.

(טז) ויקומו מ׊ם האנשים וישקיפו ×§×Ļ×Ēם לפא×Ē ×Ą×“×•×, כי המבשר א×Ē ×Š×¨×” לא הלך לסדום, כמו שזכר אחר זה (יט, א) ששנים מהם הלכו לסדום. וזה ממה שיורה ×ĸל מי×ĸוט הִמָÖŧ×ĻÖĩא הנבואה לנביאים ההם, כי לא נוד×ĸ לנביא האחד מהם כי אם דבר אחד מאלו ה×ĸנינים. ואברהם, לרוב מוÖŧסָרוֹ, היה הולך ×ĸימם ללוו×Ēם.

[3] According to the Rashbam, God was never an active participant in the narrative.

[4] See Reshimot Shiurim (Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik) Yevomot 45b for discussion of this issue.

רשימו×Ē ×Š×ĸורים (רי"ד סולוביי×Ļ'יק) מסכ×Ē ×™×‘×ž×•×Ē ×“×Ŗ מה ×ĸמוד ב

ולפי"ז ×ĸלינו לה×Ēבונן בדברי הרמב"ם שכ×Ēב (פ"ט מהל' מלכים הל"א) וז"ל ×ĸל ששה דברים × ×Ļטוה אדם הראשון ×ĸל ×ĸ"ז ו×ĸל ברכ×Ē ×”×Š× ו×ĸל שפיכ×Ē ×“×ž×™× ו×ĸל גילוי ×ĸריו×Ē ×•×ĸל הגזל ו×ĸל הדינים כו' ×”×•×Ą×™×Ŗ לנח אבר מן החי כו' נמ×Ļאו שב×ĸ מ×Ļוו×Ē. וכן היה הדבר בכל ה×ĸולם ×ĸד אברהם, בא אברהם × ×Ļטוה י×Ēר ×ĸל אלו במילה, והוא ה×Ēפלל שחרי×Ē. וי×Ļחק הפריש מ×ĸ׊ר ×•×”×•×Ą×™×Ŗ ×Ēפילה אחר×Ē ×œ×¤× ×•×Ē ×”×™×•×. וי×ĸקב ×”×•×Ą×™×Ŗ גיד הנשה וה×Ēפלל ×ĸרבי×Ē. ובמ×Ļרים × ×Ļטוה ×ĸמרם במ×Ļו×Ē ×™×Ēרו×Ē ×ĸד שבא משה רבינו ונשלמה ×Ēורה ×ĸל ידו ×ĸכ"ל. ולפי הנ"ל יל"×ĸ בכל מ×Ļוה ומ×Ļוה ׊נ×Ēוספה ×ĸ"י י×Ļחק י×ĸקב ו×ĸמרם ×‘× ×•×Ą×Ŗ למ×Ļו×Ē ×ž×™×œ×Ē ××‘×¨×”×, האם אבו×Ēינו טבלו לכל הוספ×Ē ×ž×Ļוה ומ×Ļוה, שהרי לפי מ׊נ"×Ē ×”×“×™×Ÿ נו×Ēן שבכל מ×Ļוה ומ×Ļוה הנוספ×Ē ×—×œ×” ×Ēוספ×Ē ×§×“×•×Š×Ē ×™×Š×¨××œ ×ĸל גבי קדוש×Ē ×™×Š×¨××œ הראשונה שחלה מחמ×Ē ×ž×Ļו×Ē ×ž×™×œ×Ē ××‘×¨×”× אבינו, וא"כ הם היו חייבים לטבול לכל מ×Ļוה ומ×Ļוה הנוספ×Ē.

[5] See Talmud Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 10:3; Targum Pseudo-Yonatan Bereishit 13:13; various commentaries to

Bereishit 13:13, including Rashi, Radak, Baal Haturim, Haamek Davar.

,×Ēלמוד ירושלמי מסכ×Ē ×Ą× ×”×“×¨×™×Ÿ פרק י הלכה ג ידיד נפ׊ מסכ×Ē ×Ą× ×”×“×¨×™×Ÿ פרק י הלכה ג

א֡נְ׊Öĩׁי סְדוֹם אÖĩין לָהÖļן חÖĩלÖļ×§ לָ×ĸוֹלָם הַבָÖŧא וְאÖĩינָן רוֹאִין לְ×ĸÖ¸×Ēִיד לָבוֹא. מַאי ט֡×ĸְמָא? (בראשי×Ē ×™×’) וְאַנְשÖĩׁי סְדֹם רָ×ĸִים וְחַטָÖŧאִים לַה' מְאֹד. רָ×ĸִים וְחַטָÖŧאִים, בָÖŧ×ĸוֹלָם הַזÖļÖŧה. לַה' מְאֹד, לÖļ×ĸÖ¸×Ēִיד לָבוֹא. דָÖŧבָר אַחÖĩר, רָ×ĸִים אÖĩלÖŧוÖŧ לְאÖĩלÖŧוÖŧ בין אדם לחבירו וְחַטÖŧָאִים, בÖŧְגִילוÖŧי ×ĸֲרָיוֹ×Ē. לַה ' ב×ĸ"ז. מְאֹד, בÖŧִשְׁפִיכוÖŧ×Ē ×“Öŧָמִים.

×Ēרגום המיוחס ליונ×Ēן - ×Ēורה בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

וְאÖĩינָשִׁין דִסְדוֹם בÖŧִישִׁין בÖŧְמָמוֹנְהוֹן דÖĩין לְדÖĩין וְחַיָיבִין בÖŧְגוÖŧפְהוֹן בÖŧְגִילוÖŧי ×ĸÖļרְיְי×Ēָא וְשַׁדְיוÖŧ×Ē ×Ö˛×“Öˇ× זַכÖŧְאַי וÖŧפַלְחַן פÖŧוÖŧלְחָנָא נוÖŧכְרָאָה וÖŧמְרָדִין לִשְׁמָא דַיְיָ לַחֲדָא:

כ×Ēר יונ×Ēן בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

ואנשים של סדום ר×ĸים בממוניהם זה לזה וחוטאים בגופם בגילוי ×ĸריו×Ē ×•×Š×¤×™×›×•×Ē [דם] אדם זכאי ו×ĸובדים ×ĸבודה זרה ומורדים לשמו של יי מאוד:

ר׊"י בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

ואנשי סדום ר×ĸים וְא֎ת ×ĸ֎ל פִÖŧי כÖĩן לֹא נִמְנַ×ĸ לוֹט מִלִÖŧשְׁכֹÖŧן ×ĸִמָÖŧהÖļם. וְרַבÖŧוֹ×ĒÖĩינוÖŧ לָמְדוÖŧ מִכָÖŧאן (יומא ל"ח) וְשׁÖĩם רְ׊ָׁ×ĸִים יִרְקָב (משלי י'): ×¨×ĸים - בÖŧְגוÖŧפָם: וחטאים - בÖŧְמָמוֹנָם: לה' מאד. יוֹדְ×ĸִים רִבÖŧוֹנָם, וÖŧמִ×ĒְכÖŧַוÖŧְנִים לִמְרֹד בÖŧוֹ:

רד"×§ בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

ואנשי סדום ר×ĸים - ר×ĸים לשמים ור×ĸים לבריו×Ē ×•×”×›×œ הוא לה', כי ×ĸברו ×ĸל מ×Ļו×Ēיו ׊×Ļוה לאדם ולנח והם שב×ĸ מ×Ļו×Ē ×›×ž×• שפירשנו, ובהם ×ĸ"ז שהיא חטא לה' ובהם גזל ו×ĸריו×Ē ×•×Š×¤×™×›×Ē ×“×ž×™× שהם חטא ור×ĸה איש לחבירו, והכל הוא חטא לה' ׊×ĸוברים ×ĸל מ×Ļו×Ēיו ובוזים דבריו. ואמר מאד, כי פרו×Ļים היו בהם ×ĸושים הר×ĸו×Ē ×‘×¤×¨×”×Ą×™× ורגילים בהם:

ב×ĸל הטורים בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

ואנשי סדום ר×ĸים וחטאים, ומה הי×Ēה ר×ĸ×Ēם, כי מ×ĸכבים ה×ĸוברים באר×Ĩ שלא יכנסו להם אורחים (סנהדרין קט ב). וזהו ואנשי ×Ēמיד יבדילו ×ĸוברים באר×Ĩ, הם הסדומיים המבדילין ומ×ĸכבין ה×ĸוברים באר×Ĩ:

ה×ĸמק דבר בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

ר×ĸים. פירש"י בגופם, והוא ד×ĸ×Ē ×¨×‘ יהודה בסנהדרין דת ×§"ט, והביאו ראיה מדכ×Ēיב ואיך א×ĸשה הר×ĸה הגדולה הזא×Ē, ואין הפי' שטופים בזמה כרש"י ׊ם, דבכל מקום מ׊מ×ĸו×Ē ×¨×ĸ הוא בין אדם לחבירו כמ"׊ ל×ĸיל פ' נח, אלא ר×ĸ הוא מזיק בגופו, והכי הפי' בדברי ×™×•×Ą×Ŗ שי×ĸשה ר×ĸה גדולה לאדוניו כי קנא×Ē ××Š×” חמ×Ē ×’×‘×¨, ו×ĸ"׊ מ"׊ בזה המקרא, וה"×  הפי' ר×ĸים בגופם נואפים ×ĸם א׊×Ē ×¨×ĸיהם וכדומה היזק בין אדם לחבירו:

[6] See Hizkuni and Ibn Ezra ad loc.:

חזקוני בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

ואנשי סדם ר×ĸים לבני אדם כדכ×Ēיב ביחזקאל וְיַד־×ĸָנִÖĨי וְאÖļבְי֖וֹן לֹÖĨא הÖļחֱזִÖŊיקָה:

אבן ×ĸזרא בראשי×Ē ×¤×¨×Š×Ē ×œ×š לך פרק יג פסוק יג

(יג) ר×ĸים לבני אדם. ויחזקאל פירש זה: וְיַד־×ĸָנִÖĨי וְאÖļבְי֖וֹן לֹÖĨא הÖļחֱזִÖŊיקָה: (יחז' טז, מט):

[7] See Rashi 18:33.

AND THE LORD WENT AWAY – As soon as the counsel for the defense had nothing more to say the Judge took his departure.

[8] See the events described in Chapter 14.



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